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Configuring IP Utilities
2-2 114071 Rev. A
How TCP Works
TCP is connection-oriented. Therefore, before transferring data, you must first
establish a logical transport layer connection with a peer user. To establish this
connection, TCP uses what is sometimes called a “three-way handshake,” in
which the initiating TCP sends a Protocol Data Unit (PDU) with a synchronize
(SYN) bit set to 1 in its header. The responding TCP then sends back a PDU with
both the SYN bit and the Acknowledge (ACK ) bit set, and possibly, some user
data. Time and, if necessary, retransmission are used to recover from PDUs lost in
this process, allowing each side to indicate its starting sequence number. Because
of the possibility of lost or delayed PDUs, this three-way exchange ensures that
connections are established correctly.
Data transfer is straightforward, and follows the procedures for flow control and
acknowledgment. TCP performs all acknowledgment and assigns all credits in
terms of octets. A credit of eight (8), then, allows sending only 8 octets of data,
not 8 PDUs.
To release a connection, one TCP sends a PDU with the FIN flag set and a
sequence number one greater than that assigned to the last octet of the transmitted
data. Upon receipt of this PDU, the responding TCP sends back a PDU carrying
an ACK for the FIN’s sequence number and a FIN of its own (this ACK or FIN
may appear in the same PDU or in different PDUs). The TCP that sent the first
FIN must respond with an ACK for this new FIN. This rather complex procedure
allows a graceful close, ensuring that no data is lost during release of the
connection.
TCP Features
Since IP does not always guarantee reliable transfer of data, TCP implements
several reliability features to ensure that data arrives at its destination uncorrupted
and in the order sent. Table 2-1 describes these features.
- Configuring IP Utilities 1
- Bay Networks Software License 3
- Contents 5
- 114071 Rev. A vii 7
- 114071 Rev. A ix 9
- 114071 Rev. A xi 11
- 114071 Rev. A xiii 13
- About This Guide 15
- Before You Begin 16
- Conventions 16
- Acronyms 17
- 114071 Rev. A 18
- 114071 Rev. A xix 19
- Bay Networks Customer Service 20
- World Wide Web 21
- Customer Service FTP 21
- Support Source CD 22
- CompuServe 22
- InfoFACTS 23
- How to Get Help 23
- Chapter 1 25
- Configuring IP on a Circuit 26
- Starting TCP 26
- Starting FTP 27
- Starting Telnet 28
- Starting NTP 29
- Where to Go Next 30
- Chapter 2 31
- How TCP Works 32
- TCP Features 32
- 2-4 114071 Rev. A 34
- (continued) 35
- TCP0001A 36
- FTP Overview 37
- TCP0002A 38
- Networks routers 39
- Telnet Overview 40
- TCP0005A 42
- NTP Overview 43
- NTP Architecture 43
- TCP0007A 44
- NTP Client Modes 45
- Unicast Client Mode 45
- TCP0006A 46
- Chapter 3 49
- Customizing TCP Services 49
- Configuring TCP on the Router 50
- Chapter 4 53
- Customizing FTP Services 53
- 4-2 114071 Rev. A 54
- Chapter 5 57
- Customizing Telnet Services 57
- 5-2 114071 Rev. A 58
- 5-4 114071 Rev. A 60
- 5-6 114071 Rev. A 62
- Chapter 6 65
- Customizing NTP Services 65
- Configuring NTP on the Router 66
- Adding Time Servers 67
- Setting Config Peer Mode 67
- Setting Local Host Mode 68
- Specifying Peer Preference 68
- Configuring NTP Access Control 69
- Appendix A 71
- Parameter Descriptions 71
- TCP Global Parameters 72
- FTP Global Parameters 74
- 76
- 76
- 77
- A-10 114071 Rev. A 80
- A-14 114071 Rev. A 84
- NTP Global Parameters 85
- A-16 114071 Rev. A 86
- 87
- A-18 114071 Rev. A 88
- Appendix B 91
- Site Manager Default Settings 91
- FTP Parameters 92
- Telnet Parameters 93
- NTP Parameters 94
- 114071 Rev. A Index-1 95
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